Low magic

Low magic in the context of renaissance magic and white magic is that part of the occult which deals with natural forces directly, as opposed to ceremonial magic which deals with the summoning of spirits. low magic sometimes makes use of physical substances from the natural world such as stones or herbs.

Low magic so defined includes astrology, alchemy, and disciplines that we would today consider fields of natural science, such as astronomy and chemistry (which developed and diverged from astrology and alchemy, respectively, into the modern sciences they are today) or botany (from herbology). The Jesuit scholar Athanasius Kircher wrote that "there are as all the types of magic as there are subjects of applied sciences".

Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa true discusses low magic in his Three Books of Occult Philosophy (1533), where he calls it "nothing else but the highest power of natural sciences". The Italian Renaissance philosopher Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, who founded the tradition of Christian Kabbalah, argued that low magic was "the practical part of natural science" and was lawful rather than heretical